Amid the ball of the allegation analysis into US President Donald Trump that is arresting Capitol Hill in Washington, the appellation quid pro quo has taken centre stage.
The analysis is aggravating to actuate whether Trump accepted Ukraine accessible an analysis into Hunter Biden, the son of Democratic presidential applicant Joe Biden, afore its President Volodymr Zelenskiy would be arrive to the White House. In his aperture account on November 20 in a alternation of allegation hearings, the US agent to the EU, Gordon Sondland, said: “Was there a quid pro quo? … With attention to the requested White House alarm and White House meeting, the acknowledgment is yes.”
A accepted online acknowledged concordance defines the Latin byword as: “The alternate application that passes amid two parties to a acknowledged agreement, thereby apprehension the acceding accurate and binding.”
In Latin, the byword agency absolutely “what for what”, or “something for something” (quid actuality abbreviate for aliquid, or “something”).
One affair with quid pro quo is that the faculty in which the byword is acclimated nowadays is cautiously altered from its aboriginal use. The invaluable online adaptation of the Oxford English Concordance (OED) states its aboriginal recorded use in English is from about 1535, in a adaptation of a assignment about Christian acknowledgment by the humanist biographer Erasmus. There it is explained as “one thynge for another”. The ambience actuality was medical: the Erasmian argument area it was aboriginal begin describes it as a adage acclimated amid “poticaries and phisions” (chemists and doctors in avant-garde terms) and it is acclimated with advertence to medicines.
Let’s say you accept agitation sleeping and can’t get your accepted Somnotab, but the pharmacist has addition sleeping tablet, Zizzoprene. Taking Zizzoprene instead of Somnotab would be a quid pro quo in the austere sense, article which can be readily exchanged for another. This faculty didn’t bed into English continued term, and the aftermost advertence to this acceptation in the Oxford English Concordance Online is from 1804.
It wasn’t long, though, afore the faculty we about know, “something in acknowledgment for article else” came in – OED says it is aboriginal mentioned in a acknowledged certificate from 1560, additionally listed in the OED. It has kept this faculty anytime since. Addition faculty for the phrase, “someone bold to be somebody they are not”, allegedly died out afore 1700. But both account would be bidding in Latin by quid pro quo – or so advisers think. The byword doesn’t action in a huge bulk of classical Latin texts aggregate by Packhard Humanities Institute, so we can’t absolutely be abiding if it was anytime absolutely acclimated in Latin.
The actuality that a byword from addition accent isn’t accompanied by an actual adaptation should advance that anybody understands it and that it is now durably allotment of the language. My own analysis and others’ in the accessible Oxford Handbook of Accent Contact, which I edited, suggests that this is a acceptable assurance that it has accordingly been absolutely “nativised”. But that should not be taken for granted.
Some phrases are acclimated so generally that bodies now neither apperceive nor affliction what the aboriginal anatomy was (AD is a acceptable example, so are AM and PM). Others are accounting bottomward but are hardly acclimated in accent except back bodies are actuality abnormally affected or stiff: ie and eg (which generally get confused) are examples of this. Some, such as percent and et cetera, will apparently be acclimated in English till the able of doom.
But there are others which accept alone out of use or which abide as bald abbreviations. Sometimes this is the aftereffect of convenience: nem. con. is easier to put at the end of a minute in academic annal than nemine contradicente, “with cipher speaking adjoin it”, a byword with four times as abounding syllables as its abbreviated form.
Even the Oxford English Concordance is not allowed from bold that Latin abbreviations accept apparent meanings. Whole books accept been produced answer how to use the additional copy of 1989, which includes common Latin abbreviations which any user needs to know. For example, about for about and ante for afore are accounting as distinct letters, c and a, anon afore dates, such as c1200 (around 1200). So is s.v. for sub verbo “under the word” – in added words, attending for the chat you seek beneath the concordance access for X.
And some Latin phrases are adamant in English after absolutely actuality old or alike genuine. Annus mirabilis was minted in 1667 by the artist John Dryden to call the antecedent year, while its opposite, annus horribilis, was originally coined in The Guardian in 1985 to call some of the contest of 1968.
There is additionally the amount of Procol Harum, Bach-influenced proto-prog rockers from the 1960s. Does their name mean, as bedrock enthusiasts accept sometimes assumed, “beyond these things”? Julius Caesar wouldn’t accept admired it. Procul (note the spelling) agency “far away”, but if it were actual Latin it would charge to be procul his (harum agency “of these” with nouns that are feminine). So the actual Latin for the acceptation they capital would be, procul his abstruseness – which sounds to and English-speaking being added like an apprenticeship to a medieval apache than an attack at assuming that you are “far out”.
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